Papers, etc.

Papers, several oral history interviews, and many photographs are at the Caltech Archives. A lengthy 1983-86 series of oral history interviews is available online.

Other References: Historical

Barnes, Charles A., D.D. Clayton, D.N. Schramm, Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics: Presented to William A. Fowler, on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1982).

Clayton, Donald D., Catch a Falling Star: A Life Discovering Our Universe (iUniverse, Bloomington, IN, 2009) [website].

Greenberg, John, “A Conversation with William A. Fowler,” Physics in Perspective 7, 66-106 (2005) and 7, 165-203 (2005) [a shortened version of the interviews at Caltech Archives cited above under Papers, etc.]

Hargittai, Balazs & István Hargittai, Candid Science V (Imperial College Press, London, 2005) [contains interview with Fowler].

Hoyle, Fred, Home is Where the Wind Blows: Chapters from a Cosmologist’s Life (University Science Books, 1994).

Wallerstein, George, et al, “Synthesis of the Elements in Stars: Forty Years of Progress,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 995-1084 (1997).

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Other References: Scientific

Crane, H.R., L.A. Delsasso, W.A. Fowler, & C.C. Lauritsen, “High Energy Gamma-Rays from Lithium and Fluorine Bombarded with Protons,” Phys. Rev. 46, 531-33 (1934).

Fowler, W.A., L.A. Delsasso, & C.C. Lauritsen, “Radioactive Elements of Low Atomic Number,” Phys. Rev. 49, 561-74 (1936).

Fowler, W.A. & Jacquenette Oppenheimer, “Scattering and Loss of Energy of Fast Electrons and Positrons in Lead,” Phys. Rev. 54, 320-24 (1938).

Lauritsen, Tom, C.C. Lauritsen, & W.A. Fowler, “Application of a Pressure Electrostatic Generator to the Transmutation of Light Elements by Protons,” Phys. Rev. 59, 241-52 (1941).

Fowler, W.A., C.C. Lauritsen, & T. Lauritsen, “Gamma-Radiation from Excited States of Light Nuclei,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 20, 236-77 (1948).

Tollestrup, A.V., F.A. Jenkins, W.A. Fowler, & C.C. Lauritsen, “Neutron-Hydrogen Mass Difference from the D - D Reactions,” Phys. Rev. 75, 1947-48 (1949).

Fowler, W.A. & C.C. Lauritsen, “Gamma-Radiation from Light Nuclei under Proton Bombardment,” Phys. Rev. 76, 314-15 (1949).

Tollestrup, A.V., W.A. Fowler, & C.C. Lauritsen, “Energy Release in Beryllium and Lithium Reactions with Protons,” Phys. Rev. 76, 428-30 (1949).

Fowler, W.A., C.C. Lauritsen, & A.V. Tollestrup, “Investigations of the Capture of Protons and Deuterons by Deuterons,” Phys. Rev. 76, 1767-68 (1949).

Hall, Robert Noel & William Alfred Fowler, “The Cross Section for the Radiative Capture of Protons by C¹² near 100 Kev,” Phys. Rev. 77, 197-204 (1950).

Hornyak, W.F., T. Lauritsen, P. Morrison, & W.A. Fowler, “Energy Levels of Light Nuclei. III,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 22, 291-372 (1950).

Fowler, W.A., G. R. Burbidge, & E. Margaret Burbidge, “Stellar Evolution and the Synthesis of the Elements,” Ap.J. 122, 271 (1955).

Baade, W., et al, “Supernovae and Californium 254,” PASP 68, 296 (1956).

Fowler, William A., & Jesse L. Greenstein, “Element-Building Reactions in Stars,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 42, 173-80 (1956).

Cook, C.W., W.A. Fowler, C.C. Lauritsen, and T. Lauritsen, “B¹², C¹², and the Red Giants,” Phys. Rev. 107, 508-15 (1957).

Burbidge, E. Margaret, Geoffrey R. Burbidge, William A. Fowler, and Fred Hoyle, “Synthesis of the Elements in Stars,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547-650 (1957) [The famous B²FH paper].

Fowler, W.A., “Temperature and Density Conditions for Nucleogenesis by Fusion Processes in Stars,” DOE Technical Report, June 1958.

Hoyle, F. & William A. Fowler, “Nucleosynthesis in Supernovae,” Ap.J. 132, 565-90 (1960) [reprinted in the centennial edition Ap.J. 525, 898 (1999) with a modern commentary by S.E. Woosley].

Wasserburg, G.J., William A. Fowler, & Hoyle, F., “Duration of Nucleosynthesis,” Phys. Rev. Letters 4, 112-114 (1960).

Fowler, William A., Jesse L. Greenstein, & Fred Hoyle, “Nucleosynthesis during the Early History of the Solar System, ” Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 6, 148-220 (1962).

Bahcall, J. N.; William A. Fowler, I. Iben, Jr., & R.L. Sears, “Solar Neutrino Flux,” Ap.J. 137, 344-46 (1963).

Fowler, William A. & F. Hoyle, “On the Nature of Strong Radio Sources,” MNRAS 125, 169-76 (1963).

Fowler, William A., “Massive Stars, Relativistic Polytropes, and Gravitational Radiation,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 36, 545-55 (1964) [erratum].

Hoyle, F., William A. Fowler, G.R. Burbidge & E. Margaret Burbidge, “On Relativistic Astrophysics,” Ap.J. 139, 909-28 (1964).

Caughlan, Georgeanne R. & William A. Fowler, “Combined Hydrogen and Helium Burning in the Core of a Population II Red-Giant Star,” Ap.J. 139, 1180-94 (1964).

Fowler, William A. & F. Hoyle, “Neutrino Processes and Pair Formation in Massive Stars and Supernovae,” Ap.J. Supp. 9, 201-319 (1964).

Fowler, William A. & Fred Hoyle, Nucleosynthesis in Massive Stars and Supernovae (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1965).

Fowler, William A., E. Margaret Burbidge,, G.R. Burbidge & Fred Hoyle, “The Synthesis and Destruction of Elements in Peculiar Stars of Types A and B,” Ap.J. 142, 423-50 (1965).

Seeger, Philip A., William A. Fowler, & Donald D. Clayton, “Nucleosynthesis of Heavy Elements by Neutron Capture,” Ap.J. Supp. 11, 121-66 (1965).

Fowler, William A., “The Stability of Supermassive Stars,” Ap.J. 144, 180 ( 1966).

Fowler, William A., Georgeanne R. Caughlan, & Barbara A. Zimmerman, “Thermonuclear Reaction Rates,” Ann. Rev. Astr. Astophys. 5, 525-70 (1967).

Wagoner, Robert V., William A, Fowler., & F. Hoyle, ”“On the Synthesis of Elements at Very High Temperatures,” Ap.J. 148, 3 (1967).

Shaviv, Giora, John N. Bahcall, & William A. Fowler, “Dependence of the ⁸B Solar Neutrino Flux on the Rate of the Reaction ³He(³He,2p)⁴He,” Ap.J. 150, 725-28 (1967).

Reeves, Hubert, Jean Audouze, William A. Fowler, & David N. Schramm, “On the Origin of Light Elements,” Ap.J. 179, 909-30 (1973).

Fowler, William A., Georgeanne R. Caughlan, & Barbara A. Zimmerman, “Thermonuclear Reaction Rates, II,” Ann. Rev. Astr. Astrophys. 13, 69-112 (1975).

Colgate, Stirling A., Jean Audouze, & William A. Fowler, “Possible interpretations of the Isotopic Composition of Hydrogen and Helium in Solar Cosmic Rays,” Ap.J. 213, 849-60 (1977).

Mathews, G.J., A. Mengoni, F.-K. Thielemann, & William A. Fowler, “Neutron Capture Rates in the r-Process - The Role of Direct Radiative Capture, ” Ap.J. 270, 740-47 (1983).

Harris, Michael J., William A. Fowler, Georgeanne R. Caughlan, & Barbara A. Zimmerman, “Thermonuclear Reaction Rates, III,” Ann. Rev. Astr. Astrophys. 21, 165-76 (1983).

Fowler, William A., “The Age of the Observable Universe (The Tenth Edward Arthur Milne Lecture),” QJRAS 28, 87-108 (1987).

Rolfs, Claus E. & Rodney, William S., Cauldrons in the Cosmos: Nuclear Astrophysics (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1988).

Caughlan, Georgeanne R. & William A. Fowler, “Thermonuclear Reaction Rates,” Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1988.

Sackmann, I.-Juliana, Arnold I. Boothroyd, & William A. Fowler, “Our Sun. I - The Standard Model: Successes and Failures,” Ap.J. 360, 727-36 (1990).

Kawayno, L.H., W.A. Fowler, R.W. Kavanagh, & R.A. Malaney, “Signatures of Inhomogeneity in the Early Universe,” Ap.J. 372, 1-7 (1991).

Boothroyd, Arnold I., I.-Juliana Sackmann, & William A. Fowler, “Our Sun. II. Early Mass Loss of 0.1 Solar Mass and the Case of the Missing Lithium,” Ap.J. 377,318-29 (1991).

Fowler, William A., “Nuclear Reactions in Inhomogeneous Cosmologies,” Physics Reports 227, 313-19 (1993).

Fowler, W.A., “The Age of the Observable Universe,” in Hermann Bondi and Miranda Weston-Smith, eds., The Universe Unfolding (Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1998).

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Other Works: Popularizations, Fiction, etc.

Fowler, William A.., “Nuclear Clues to the Early History of the Solar System,” Leaflets of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 9, 81-88 (1963) [Leaflet #411].

Fowler, William A., Nuclear Astrophysics (American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1967).

Fowler, W. A., “Experimental and Theoretical Nuclear Astrophysics: The Quest for the Origin of the Elements,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 56, 149-79 (1984). Also available at the Nobel website [Nobel lecture].