Papers, etc.

Schwarzschild’s Papers are at Princeton University. There are 1977 and 1977-79 oral history interviews with Schwarzschild at the AIP Center for the History of Physics. There is an oral history interview dealing with his contributions to computing at the Charles Babbage Institute of the University of Minnesota.

Other References: Historical

Arny, Thomas, “The Star Makers: A History of the Theories of Stellar Structure and Evolution,” Vistas in Astronomy 33, 2, 211-33 (1990).

Cowling, Thomas, “The Development of the Theory of Stellar Structures,” QJRAS 7, 121 (1966).

Hufbauer, Karl, Exploring the Sun: Solar Science since Galileo (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1991).

Merritt, David, “Martin Schwarschild’s Contribution to Galaxy Dynamics,” in Galaxy Dynamics: A Rutgers Symposium (ASP conf series, v. 182), 1999, pp. 3-10.

Wali, Kameshwar C., Chandra (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1990).

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Other References:Scientific

Schwarzschild, Martin, “Zur Pulsationstheorie der δ Cephei-Sterne,” Zeitschrift für Astrophysik 11, 152-80 (1935).

Schwarzschild, M., “Über die Energieerzeugung in den Sternen,” Zeitschrift für Astrophysik 13, 126-31 (1936).

Schwarzschild, M., “Improved elements of BB Centauri,” Bull. Astr. Inst. Netherlands 7, 337 (1936).

Schwarzschild, M., “Zur Pulsationstheorie,” Zeitschrift für Astrophysik 15, 14-31 (1938).

Schwarzschild, Martin, “On the Light Curves of Cepheids,” Harvard College Observatory Circular 429, 1-7 (1938).

Feinstein, Lillian & Martin Schwarzschild, “Automatic Integration of Linear Second-Order Differential Equations by Means of Punched Card Machines,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 12, 405 (1941).

Schwarzschild, Martin, “Overtone Pulsations for the Standard Model,” Ap.J. 94, 245-52 (1941).

Schwarzschild, Martin, “On Stellar Rotation,” Ap.J. 95, 441-53 (1942).

Schwarzschild, Martin, “On the Helium Content of the Sun,” Ap.J. 104, 203-07 (1946).

Eichner, L. C., J.H. Hett, J. Schilt, M. Schwarzschild, & H.T. Sterling, “The New Photometer of the Rutherfurd Observatory,” Astronomical Journal 53, 25-30 (1947).

Richardson, Robert S. & Martin Schwarzschild, “A Stellar Model for Red Giants of High Central Temperature,” Ap.J. 108, 373-87 (1948).

Li, Hen & Martin Schwarzschild, “Red-Giant Models with Chemical Inhomogeneities,” MNRAS 109, 631-46 (1949).

Richardson, R.S. & M. Schwarzschild, “On the Turbulent Velocities of Solar Granules,” Ap.J. 111, 351-61 (1948).

Schwarzschild, Martin & Barbara Schwarzschild, “A Spectroscopic Comparison Between High- and Low-Velocity F Dwarfs,” Ap.J. 112, 248-65 (1950).

Johnson, Harold L. & Martin Schwarzschild, “On the Color-Magnitude Diagram for M 15,” Ap.J. 113, 630-36 (1951).

Spitzer, Lyman, Jr., & Martin Schwarzschild, “The Possible Influence of Interstellar Clouds on Stellar Velocities,” Ap.J. 114, 385-97 (1951).

Schwarzschild, M., L. Spitzer, Jr., & R. Wildt, “On the Difference in Chemical Composition Between High- and Low-Velocity Stars,” Ap.J. 114, 398-406 (1951).

Oke, J. B. & M. Schwarzschild, “Inhomogeneous Stellar Models. I. Models with a Convective Core and a Discontinuity in the Chemical Composition,” Ap.J. 116, 317-30 (1952).

Frenkiel, F.N. & M. Schwarzschild, “Preliminary Analysis of the Turbulence Spectrum of the Solar Photosphere at Long Wave Lengths,” Ap.J. 116, 422-27 (1952).

Sandage, A.R. & M. Schwarzschild, “Inhomogeneous Stellar Models. II. Models with Exhausted Cores in Gravitational Contraction.,” Ap.J. 116, 463-76 (1952).

Schwarzschild, M., I. Rabinowitz, & R. Härm, “Inhomogeneous Stellar Models. III. Models with Partially Degenerate Isothermal Cores,” Ap.J. 118, 326-34 (1953).

Schwarzschild, M., “Mass Distribution and Mass-luminosity Ratio in Galaxies,” Astronomical Journal 59, 273-84 (1954).

Härm, R. & M. Schwarzschild, “Inhomogeneous Stellar Models. IV. Models with Continuously Varying Chemical Composition,” Ap.J. 121, 445-53 (1955).

Baum, W.A. & M. Schwarzschild, “A Comparison of Stellar Populations in the Andromeda Galaxy and its Elliptical Companion,” Astronomical Journal 60, 247-53 (1955).

Hoyle, F. & M. Schwarzschild, “On the Evolution of Type II Stars.,” Ap.J. 121, 776 (1955) & Ap.J. Supp. 2, 1-40 (1955).

Baum, W.A. & M. Schwarzschild, “A Comparison of Stellar Populations in the Andromeda Galaxy and its Elliptical Companion,” Astronomical Journal 60, 247-53 (1955).

Schwarzschild, Martin, Barbara Schwarzschild, L. Searle, & A. Meltzer, “A Spectroscopic Comparison Between High- and Low-Velocity K Giants,” Ap.J. 125, 123-38 (1957).

Schwarzschild, Martin, Structure and Evolution of the Stars (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1958; Dover, 1965)

Schwarzschild, M., J.B. Rogerson, Jr., & J.W. Evans, “Solar Photographs from 80,000 Feet,” Astronomical Journal 63, 313 (1958).

Schwarzschild, M., & R. Härm, “Evolution of Very Massive Stars,” Ap.J. 128, 348-60 (1958).

Bahng, J. D. R., R.E. Danielson, J.B. Rogerson, Jr., & M. Schwarzschild, “Sunspot Photographs from the Stratosphere,” Astronomical Journal 64, 323 (1959).

Schwarzschild, Martin, “Die Theorien des inneren Aufbaus der Sterne,” Mitteilungen der AG 12, 15-21 (1959) [Karl Schwarzschild Lecture].

Schwarzschild, M., & R. Härm, “On the Maximum Mass of Stable Stars,” Ap.J. 129, 637-46 (1959).

Schwarzschild, Martin, “Photographs of the Solar Granulation Taken from the Stratosphere,” Ap.J. 130, 345-63 (1959).

Schwarzschild, Martin, “Convection in Stars,” Ap.J. 134, 1-8 (1961) [1960 Russell Lecture].

Bahng, J. & M. Schwarzschild, “Lifetime of Solar Granules,” Ap.J. 134, 312-22 (1961).

Schwarzschild, M., & H. Selberg, “Red Giants of Population II,” Ap.J. 136, 150-57 (1962).

Schwarzschild, M., & R. Härm, “Red Giants of Population II. II,” Ap.J. 136, 158-165 (1962).

Bahng, J. & M. Schwarzschild, “Hydrodynamic Oscillations in the Solar Chromosphere,” Ap.J. 134, 901-13 (1963).

Woolf, N.J., M. Schwarzschild, & W.K. Rose, “Infrared Spectra of Red-Giant Stars,” Ap.J. 140, 833-52 (1964).

Schwarzschild, M. & R. Härm, “Hydrogen Mixing by Helium-Shell Flashes,” Ap.J. 150, 961-70 (1967).

Härm, R. & M. Schwarzschild, “Oscillatory Thermal Instabilities at the Onset of Helium Shell Burning,” Ap.J. 172, 403-17 (1972).

Schwarzschild, Martin, “Stellar Evolution in Globular Clusters,” QJRAS 11, 12-22 (1970) [1969 George Darwin Lecture].

Schwarzschild, Martin, “An Upper Limit to the Angular Diameter of the Nucleus of NGC 4151,” Ap.J. 182, 357-62 (1973).

Light, E. S., R.E. Danielson, & M. Schwarzschild, “The Nucleus of M31,” Ap.J. 194, 257-63 (1974).

Schwarzschild, Martin, “On the Scale of Photospheric Convection in Red Giants and Supergiants,” Ap.J. 195, 137-44 (1975).

Ruiz, Maria Teresa & M. Schwarzschild, “An Approximate Dynamical Model for Spheroidal Stellar Systems,” Ap.J. 207, 376-81 (1976).

Schwarzschild, M., “The Study of Stellar Structure,” in Theoretical Principles in Astrophysics and Relativity (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1978), pp. 1-14.

Schwarzschild, M., “Triaxial Equilibrium Models for Elliptical Galaxies with Slow Figure Rotation,” Ap.J. 263, 599-610 (1982).

de Zeeuw, P. T., C. Hunter, & M. Schwarzschild, “Nonuniqueness of Self-Consistent Equilibrium Solutions for the Perfect Elliptic Disk,” Ap.J. 317, 607-36 (1987).

Schwarzschild, Martin, “Galactic Models with Moderate Stochasticity,” Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 497, 16-21 (1987).

de Zeeuw, Tim &Martin Schwarzschild, “Orbital contributions to the stability of triaxial galaxies,” Ap.J. 345, 84-100 (1989).

Lees, Joanna F. & M. Schwarzschild, “The Orbital Structure of Galactic Halos,” Ap.J. 384, 491-501 (1992).

Schwarzschild, Martin, “Self-Consistent Models for Galactic Halos,” Ap.J. 409, 563-77 (1993).

de Zeeuw, P. T., N.W. Evans, & M. Schwarzschild, “Jeans and Boltzmann Solutions for Oblate Galaxies with Flat Rotation Curves,” MNRAS 280, 903-16 (1996).

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Other Works: Popularizations, Fiction, etc.

Schwarzschild, Martin, “The Interior of the Sun,” Leaflets of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 5, 392-99 (1949) [Leaflet #248].

Schwarzschild, Martin, “The Energy Source in the Interior of the Sun,” Leaflets of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 5, 400-06 (1949) [Leaflet #249].

Schwarzschild, Martin & Barbara, “Balloon Astronomy,” Sci. Am. May 1959.

Schwarzschild, M., “Prepared Statement on the Space Program,” PASP 75, 527 (1963).